In his book "The Communication Age," Bourne (1995) suggests that individuals adopt one of five different styles of communication: assertive, aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive, and manipulative. These five styles of communication have distinct characteristics and can have both positive and negative effects on communication. It is important for individuals to be aware of their own communication style and the style of others, and to adapt their communication to the situation and audience in order to achieve effective communication.Assertive communication is characterized by direct, clear, and honest expression of one's thoughts, feelings, and needs. This style allows for open and respectful dialogue, and can lead to effective problem-solving and positive relationships. According to Smither and London (2009), assertive communication can help individuals set clear boundaries and advocate for themselves in a respectful manner. Additionally, assertive communication can improve self-esteem and reduce stress (Henderson, 2012). However, it can also be perceived as confrontational or insensitive in certain situations, and assertiveness can be cultural and gendered (Eagly & Karau, 2002).Aggressive communication is marked by the use of force, threats, and intimidation in order to get one's way. This style can be effective in some situations, such as in business negotiations or in times of crisis. However, it can also lead to alienation, resentment, and damaged relationships (Bourne, 1995). According to Denton and McLeod (2010), aggressive communication can cause others to become defensive and less likely to listen or cooperate. Additionally, aggressive communication can lead to poor decision-making and can damage relationships in both personal and professional contexts (Sosik & Megerian, 1999).Passive communication is characterized by the suppression of one's own thoughts, feelings, and needs in order to avoid conflict or maintain the status quo. This style can lead to a lack of assertiveness and difficulty in achieving goals (Bourne, 1995). According to Riggio (2006), passive communication can lead to poor decision-making and can be detrimental to relationships in both personal and professional contexts. Additionally, passive communication can lead to feelings of resentment and powerlessness (Henderson, 2012).